The resulting rising inflationary pressure in the EU from the ECB's persistent printing of more new Euros, in the current environment of (a) rising energy, food, and other prices, (b) strengthening trend of de-globalization, and (c) the EU's increasingly unfriendly relationship with both Russia and China (economic sanctions imposed on Russia), can be regarded as an inflation tax currently imposed on all the EU countries, which is not much different from the EU's already having installed a Fiscal Union of her own, which formally levies taxes from each of the EU countries (and in particular, more from the surplus northern EU countries) to help finance the peripheral southern EU countries in financial trouble, like Italy and Greece. Once started to solve the Euro Crisis of 2011, the ECB will have to keep buying the rising debts of Italy and Greece (and other peripheral EU countries) in the future, using new QEs to overtly and monetarily finance their governments' rising deficit spending and debts, so as to (i) keep these country's debt/GDP ratios from further exploding, (ii) stop the treasury spreads between Italy/Greece and Germany from enlarging further, and hence (iii) prevent the whole EU-cum-Euro project from imploding. Germany, for example, recently decided to spend an additional €100 billion ($105 billion) on armaments, financed entirely by new public debt. Many countries are taking measures to help vulnerable citizens cope with rising energy costs and are increasing defense expenditure. Moreover, rising energy prices and the Ukraine war are delaying the recovery and further straining Europe’s public finances. When the debt of the Next Generation EU pandemic bailout fund is included, the ratio rises to 155% for Italy and 190% for Greece. The pandemic caused public debt to rise to more than 150% of GDP in Italy and 185% of GDP in Greece. Fiscal policy coordination should instead focus on reallocating public expenditure and thus on increasing its quality rather than its quantity.Īny reform of the eurozone’s fiscal rules must start by considering the worsening economic conditions in Europe in recent years. But, in view of the already high levels of national debt and rising inflation, this is the wrong way to go. After a lengthy postponement due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the project is now back on the table, amid widespread calls to give governments more leeway, for example to finance climate-protection spending. Also contributing to Nancy Drew's prolific existence were Leslie McFarlane, James Duncan Lawrence, Nancy Axelrod, Priscilla Doll, Charles Strong, Alma Sasse, Wilhelmina Rankin, George Waller Jr., and Margaret Scherf.MUNICH – In February 2020, the European Commission announced that it would present a plan for reforming the eurozone’s economic governance, including the rules for public debt. The role of the writer of "Carolyn Keene" passed temporarily to Walter Karig who wrote three novels during the Great Depression.
The syndicate project lion series#
Other writers of Nancy Drew volumes include Harriet herself, she wrote most of the series after Mildred quit writing for the Syndicate and in 1959 began a revision of the first 34 texts. In a few cases, outdated plots were completely rewritten. The Nancy Drew books were condensed, racial stereotypes were removed, and the language was updated. In 1959, Harriet, along with several writers, began a 25-year project to revise the earlier Carolyn Keene novels. The Stratemeyer Syndicate's devotion to the series over the years under the reins of Harriet Stratemeyer Adams helped to keep the series alive and on store shelves for each succeeding generation of girls and boys. It was her characterization that helped make Nancy an instant hit. Mildred wrote 23 of the original 30 Nancy Drew Mystery Stories®, including the first three. Wirt), who breathed such a feisty spirit into Nancy's character. Edna contributed 10 plot outlines before passing the reins to her sister Harriet.
For Nancy Drew, the writers used the pseudonym Carolyn Keene to assure anonymity of the creator.Įdna and Harriet Stratemeyer inherited the company from their father Edward Stratemeyer. The company that was the creator of the Nancy Drew series, the Stratemeyer Syndicate, hired a variety of writers. Carolyn Keene is a writer pen name that was used by many different people- both men and women- over the years.
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